Fußnoten zu Artikel von Dr. Sabine Stebel: „Gefahren des Protein Engineerings“

Die zahlreichen Fußnoten zum Artikel von Dr. Sabine Stebel: „Gefahren des Protein Engineerings“ finden Sie hier.

Von Dr. Sabine Stebel

1 Mueller S. Recombination between coronaviruses and synthetic RNAs and biorisk implications motivated by a SARS-CoV-2 FCS origin controversy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 Aug 4;11:1209054. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1209054. PMID: 37600318; PMCID: PMC10436746.

2 Mueller, S. (2026). Synthetic Integration of an FCS into Coronaviruses—Hype or an Unresolved Biorisk? An Integrative Analysis of DNA Repair, Cancer Research, Drug Development, and Escape Mutant Traits. Life, 16(2), 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020199

3 Zhang S, El-Deiry WS. Transfected SARS-CoV-2 spike DNA for mammalian cell expression inhibits p53 activation of p21(WAF1), TRAIL Death Receptor DR5 and MDM2 proteins in cancer cells and increases cancer cell viability after chemotherapy exposure. Oncotarget. 2024 May 3;15:275-284. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.28582. PMID: 38709242; PMCID: PMC11073320

4 Parry, P.I.; Lefringhausen, A.; Turni, C.; Neil, C.J.; Cosford, R.; Hudson, N.J.; Gillespie, J. ‘Spikeopathy’: COVID-19 Spike Protein Is Pathogenic, from Both Virus and Vaccine mRNA. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2287

5 Henderson R, Edwards RJ, Mansouri K, Janowska K, Stalls V, Gobeil SMC, Kopp M, Li D, Parks R, Hsu AL, Borgnia MJ, Haynes BF, Acharya P. Controlling the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein conformation. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Oct;27(10):925-933. doi: 10.1038/s41594-020-0479-4. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32699321; PMCID: PMC8581954.

6 https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/foi-2389-06.pdf (Seite 20)

7 Stebel, S., Gaida, A., Arndt, K., & Müller, K. (2008). Directed Protein Evolution. In J. Walker & R. Rapley (Eds.), Molecular Biomethods Handbook 2nd Edition (pp. 631–656). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-375-6

8 Geslain, R., & Pan, T. (2011). tRNA: Vast reservoir of RNA molecules with unexpected regulatory function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(40), 16489–16490. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113715108

9 Berg MD, Brandl CJ. Transfer RNAs: diversity in form and function. RNA Biol. 2021 Mar;18(3):316-339. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1809197. Epub 2020 Sep 9. PMID: 32900285; PMCID: PMC7954030.

10 Hagenbüchle O, Larson D, Hall GI, Sprague KU. The primary transcription product of a silkworm alanine tRNA gene: identification of in vitro sites of initiation, termination and processing. Cell. 1979 Dec;18(4):1217-29. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90234-4. PMID: 519766.

11 Swire J, Judson OP, Burt A. Mitochondrial genetic codes evolve to match amino acid requirements of proteins. J Mol Evol. 2005 Jan;60(1):128-39. doi: 10.1007/s00239-004-0077-9. PMID: 15696375.

12 McKernan, K., Kyriakopoulos, A. M., & McCullough, P. A. (2021, November 25). Differences in Vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 Replication Derived mRNA: Implications for Cell Biology and Future Disease. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/bcsa6

13 Shen, T., Hu, Z., Sun, S., Liu, D., Wong, F., Wang, J., Chen, J., Wang, Y., Hong, L., Xiao, J., Zheng, L., Krishnamoorthi, T., King, I., Wang, S., Yin, P., Collins, J. J., & Li, Y. (2024). Accurate RNA 3D structure prediction using a language model-based deep learning approach. Nature Methods, 21(12), 2287–2298. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-02487-0

14 Kamura T, Katsuda Y, Kitamura Y, Ihara T. G-quadruplexes in mRNA: A key structure for biological function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 May 21;526(1):261-266. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.168. Epub 2020 Mar 21. PMID: 32209257.

15 Chatterjee K, Blaby IK, Thiaville PC, Majumder M, Grosjean H, Yuan YA, Gupta R, de Crécy-Lagard V. The archaeal COG1901/DUF358 SPOUT-methyltransferase members, together with pseudouridine synthase Pus10, catalyze the formation of 1-methylpseudouridine at position 54 of tRNA. RNA. 2012 Mar;18(3):421-33. doi: 10.1261/rna.030841.111. Epub 2012 Jan 24. PMID: 22274953; PMCID: PMC3285931.

16 Morais P, Adachi H, Yu YT. The Critical Contribution of Pseudouridine to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Nov 4;9:789427. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.789427. PMID: 34805188; PMCID: PMC8600071.

17 Stiving AQ, Roose BW, Tubbs C, Haverick M, Gruber A, Rustandi RR, Kuiper J, Schombs M, Schuessler H, Li X. Functionality and translation fidelity characterization of mRNA vaccines using platform based mass spectrometry detection. NPJ Vaccines. 2025 Feb 23;10(1):38. doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01082-4. PMID: 39988579; PMCID: PMC11847942.

18 Mulroney TE, Pöyry T, Yam-Puc JC, Rust M, Harvey RF, Kalmar L, Horner E, Booth L, Ferreira AP, Stoneley M, Sawarkar R, Mentzer AJ, Lilley KS, Smales CM, von der Haar T, Turtle L, Dunachie S, Klenerman P, Thaventhiran JED, Willis AE. N1-methylpseudouridylation of mRNA causes +1 ribosomal frameshifting. Nature. 2024 Jan;625(7993):189-194. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06800-3. Epub 2023 Dec 6. PMID: 38057663; PMCID: PMC10764286.

19 Jones JD, Monroe J, Koutmou KS. A molecular-level perspective on the frequency, distribution, and consequences of messenger RNA modifications. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2020 Jul;11(4):e1586. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1586. Epub 2020 Jan 21. PMID: 31960607; PMCID: PMC8243748.

20 “RNA wird durch zelluläre RNasen abgebaut und dem Nukleinsäurestoffwechsel unterworfen. Der Nukleotidstoffwechsel findet in der Zelle kontinuierlich statt, wobei das Nukleosid zu Abfallprodukten abgebaut und ausgeschieden oder für die Nukleotidsynthese wiederverwendet wird. Daher werden keine Studien zum RNA- oder Proteinstoffwechsel oder zur Ausscheidung durchgeführt.” https://phmpt.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/125742_S1_M2_24_nonclinical-overview.pdf#page=20

21 Tanaka, M., Tanaka, T., Zhu, X., Teng, F., Lin, H., Luo, Z., Pan, Y., Sadahiro, S., Suzuki, T., Maeda, Y., Wei, D., & Lu, Z. (2022). Huaier Effects on Functional Compensation with Destructive Ribosomal RNA Structure after Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination. www.fortunejournals.com. https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/huaier-effects-on-functional-compensation-with-destructive-ribosomal-rna-structure-after-antisarscov2-mrna-vaccination.html

22 Pan C. Measuring dissociation rate constants of protein complexes through subunit exchange: experimental design and theoretical modeling. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28827. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028827. Epub 2011 Dec 14. PMID: 22194924; PMCID: PMC3237551.

23 Bangaru S, Ozorowski G, Turner HL, Antanasijevic A, Huang D, Wang X, Torres JL, Diedrich JK, Tian JH, Portnoff AD, Patel N, Massare MJ, Yates JR 3rd, Nemazee D, Paulson JC, Glenn G, Smith G, Ward AB. Structural analysis of full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from an advanced vaccine candidate. Science. 2020 Nov 27;370(6520):1089-1094. doi: 10.1126/science.abe1502. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PMID: 33082295; PMCID: PMC7857404.

24 Khavinson V, Terekhov A, Kormilets D, Maryanovich A. Homology between SARS CoV-2 and human proteins. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 25;11(1):17199. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96233-7. PMID: 34433832; PMCID: PMC8387358.

25 Lyons-Weiler J. Pathogenic priming likely contributes to serious and critical illness and mortality in COVID-19 via autoimmunity. J Transl Autoimmun. 2020 Apr 9;3:100051. doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100051. PMID: 32292901; PMCID: PMC7142689.

26 Mph, N. H., Schmidt, V., PhD, Mörz, M., MD, Pa-C, C. R., Von Ranke, N., PhD, Zhang, W., PhD, Nd, J. a. C., PhD, & Mph, P. a. M. M. (2026). Unprecedented persistence of vaccine mRNA, plasmid DNA, spike protein, and genomic dysregulation over 3.5 years Post-COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18460099
27 Bhattacharjee, B., Lu, P., Monteiro, V. S., Tabachnikova, A., Wang, K., Hooper, W. B., Bastos, V., Greene, K., Sawano, M., Guirgis, C., Tzeng, T. J., Warner, F., Baevova, P., Kamath, K., Reifert, J., Hertz, D., Dressen, B., Tabacof, L., Wood, J., . . . Iwasaki, A. (2025). Immunological and Antigenic Signatures Associated with Chronic Illnesses after COVID-19 Vaccination. Medrxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.18.25322379

28 Banoun H. Current state of knowledge on the excretion of mRNA and spike produced by anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines; possibility of contamination of the entourage of those vaccinated by these products. Infect Dis Res. 2022;3(4):22. doi:10.53388/IDR20221125022

29 Rösing S, Ullrich F, Meisterfeld S, Schmidt F, Mlitzko L, Croon M, Nattrass RG, Eberl N, Mahlberg J, Schlee M, Wieland A, Simon P, Hilbig D, Reuner U, Rapp A, Bremser J, Mirtschink P, Drukewitz S, Zillinger T, Beissert S, Paeschke K, Hartmann G, Trifunovic A, Bartok E, Günther C. Chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress in myotonic dystrophy type 2 promotes autoimmunity via mitochondrial DNA release. Nat Commun. 2024 Feb 20;15(1):1534. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45535-1. PMID: 38378748; PMCID: PMC10879130.

30 https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/foi-2389-03-1.pdf (Seite 114)

31 https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/foi-2389-06.pdf (Seite 35)

32 Engin A. Dark-Side of Exosomes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1275:101-131. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_4. PMID: 33539013.

33 Bansal, S., Perincheri, S., Fleming, T., Poulson, C., Tiffany, B., Bremner, R. M., & Mohanakumar, T. (2021). Cutting Edge: Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) Vaccination prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines. The Journal of Immunology, 207(10), 2405–2410. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2100637

34 Mustajab T, Kwamboka MS, Choi DA, Kang DW, Kim J, Han KR, Han Y, Lee S, Song D, Chwae YJ. Update on Extracellular Vesicle-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics to Combat COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 24;23(19):11247. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911247. PMID: 36232549; PMCID: PMC9569487.

Autorin

ist die Autorin des Buches „Einmal mit Profis arbeiten“ und publiziert unter dem Netznamen DrBine auf Substack (https://drbine.substack.com/) wissenschaftliche Analysen zum Thema Corona.